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ACA TOOLBOX

指導員手冊 Instructor's Manual

美國獨木舟協會 教練手冊 American Canoe Association Instructor's Manual

本手冊旨在支持所有 ACA 划行領域的教練培訓課程，凝聚了划行專家、教練與培訓師的集體智慧。

This manual is intended to support all ACA paddling disciplines' instructor training courses, bringing together the collective wisdom of paddling experts, instructors, and trainers.

前言與導言 Preamble & Introduction

致謝、導言以及 ACA 教練培訓過程的目標。

Acknowledgements, introduction, and the goals of the ACA instructor development process.

致謝Acknowledgements

本手冊的編寫與製作凝聚了美國獨木舟協會受薪職員與志工的共同努力。若非多位專業人士的慷慨貢獻，本手冊將無法問世。The writing and production of this manual is a collective effort of the American Canoe Association’s paid staff and volunteers. This manual would not be possible without the generous contributions of many professionals.

專業指導與貢獻：Professional Guidance:

Virgil Chambers, Leeann Rhoades, Leslie White, Charlie Wilson, Jeremy Oyen, Gregory Wolfe, Kim Whitley, Julian Basham, Gordon Black, Wyatt G. Boughter, Paul Sanford, Janet Zeller.

手冊修訂團隊 (02/2013)：Revision Team:

Trey Knight (教育外聯), Kelsey Bracewell (安全教育), Chris Stec (首席運營官).

導言Introduction

ACA 教練培訓過程的目標，是協助教練候選人成為具備專業知識且高效的划行運動教練。除了運動本身的技術資訊外，教練候選人還需要掌握以下範疇：The goal of the ACA Instructor Development process is to assist instructor candidates to become knowledgeable, effective paddlesport instructors. In addition to technical information about the sport, instructor candidates are expected to know information about:

  • •美國獨木舟協會：使命與價值觀ACA: Mission and Values
  • •安全教育與教學政策及程序SEI Policies and Procedures
  • •環境管理與護理Environmental Stewardship
  • •教學原則與學習過程Teaching and Learning
  • •活動組織與規劃Program Organization
  • •風險管理Risk Management
  • •無障礙要求Accessibility Requirements
  • •課堂組織與規劃Lesson Organization
  • •學員指導與評量Coaching and Evaluation
  • •行政要求與課程回報Administrative & Reporting
  • •體能調整Conditioning
  • •安全與救援程序Safety and Rescue
  • •船隻與裝備Boats and Equipment
  • •特定領域專業資訊Course Specific Info

本教練手冊的編撰旨在提供全方位的支持，適用於所有 ACA 領域的教練開發工作坊。它代表了划行界專家、培訓師與教練們多年來累積的集體智慧。This instructor’s manual was developed to provide the necessary broad-based approach to support all ACA Instructor Development Workshops in all disciplines. It represents the collective knowledge gained by paddlesports instructors and trainers and experts in the paddling field.

重要備註：Note:戶外活動被視為具有承擔風險的運動。本書不能取代專業的划行、游泳或救生技術指導。儘管我們已盡力確保本指南的準確性，但判定自身能力並採取相應行動，終究是划行者自身的最終責任。Outdoor activities are assumed-risk sports. This book cannot take the place of appropriate instruction for paddling, swimming, or lifesaving techniques.

第一單元：關於 ACA About the ACA

了解美國獨木舟協會的使命、核心價值以及教練晉升體系。

Learn about ACA's mission, core values, and the instructor development pathway.

訓練有素的 ACA 教練A Trained ACA Instructor

恭喜您對美國獨木舟協會（ACA）教練認證感興趣！作為一名潛在的 ACA 教練，您在向公眾傳授划行技巧、環境意識、安全知識以及戶外休閒樂趣方面扮演著至關重要的角色。研究顯示，專業的教練培訓是教育課程的基石，您的培訓將同時造福您與您未來的學員。Congratulations on your interest in becoming an American Canoe Association (ACA) Instructor! As a potential ACA Instructor, you play a vital role in providing the public with paddling skills, environmental awareness, safety information, and a sense of fun and enjoyment in the outdoors. Studies have shown that professional instructor training is the cornerstone of educational programs and your training will benefit both you and your students.

ACA 使命聲明ACA Mission Statement

美國獨木舟協會成立於 1880 年，是一個全國性的非營利組織，服務於廣大的划行大眾。我們相信我們的角色是：Founded in 1880, the American Canoe Association is a national non-profit organization serving the broader paddling public. We believe our role is to:

  • 為大眾提供有趣的划行機會Provide fun paddling opportunities for the general public
  • 讓划行教育與教學更具可及性Make paddling education and instruction more accessible
  • 改善所有划行水域的進出便利性Improve access to all paddling waters
  • 將划行運動擴展至不同能力及弱勢族群Expand paddling to people of all abilities and underserved populations
  • 影響與划行體驗相關的環境護理議題與公共政策Influence environmental stewardship issues and public policy that impacts the paddling experience
  • 促進地方、區域與全國層級的划行競賽Promote paddling competition at local, regional, and national levels

核心組織單位Key Organizational Components

安全教育與教學部門 (SEI)Safety Education & Instruction Department (SEI)

負責促進划行安全與樂趣。從教練的角度來看，SEI 負責管理教練、維護教練檔案並確保政策的執行。Responsible for promoting paddling safety and enjoyment. From an instructor perspective, the SEI is responsible for managing instructors, keeping instructor records and ensuring policies are followed.

安全教育與教學委員會 (SEIC)Safety Education & Instruction Council (SEIC)

SEIC 的使命是制定和實施有效的划槳運動安全、教育和指導項目與材料，為公眾提供各個技能水平的資訊、培訓和服務。The SEIC mission is to develop and implement effective paddling safety, education, and instruction programs and materials, providing information, training, and services to the public at all skill levels.

教練發展晉升體系Instructor Development Pathway

Step 1
教練Instructor

授課予一般大眾Teaches General Public

Step 2
教練培訓師 (IT)Instructor Trainer

認證並培訓教練Trains & Certifies Instructors

Step 3
培訓導師 (ITE)IT Educator

培訓教練培訓師候選人Trains IT Candidates

* 註：認證級別與維護要求各學科有所不同。* Note: Requirements vary by discipline.

歷史與傳統History and Tradition

ACA 是美國划槳運動教育與指導領域公認的領導者。目前全美有超過 7,000 名認證教練與 300 名教練培訓師。每年有超過 80 萬人次透過 ACA 課程體驗安全且愉快的水上活動。The ACA is the nationally recognized leader in the field of paddlesport education and instruction. There are over 7,000 certified instructors and 300 instructor trainers. Each year, over 800,000 people have a safe and enjoyable experience on the water through ACA programs.

「教育重於管制」“Education, Not Regulation”

這是 ACA 長期以來秉持的核心理念。我們相信教育是安全划槳與行為的根基，能有效減少水上意外的發生。This is the long-standing philosophy of the ACA. We believe education is fundamental and provides the basis for safe boating, paddling, and behavior.

合作夥伴與安全性Partnerships for Safety

  • 與美國海岸防衛隊 (USCG) 合作開發安全資訊Collaboration with USCG to develop safety information
  • 與 NASBLA 合作推廣划船法規與教育Partnering with NASBLA for boating laws and education
  • 與各州政府機構共同維護水域安全Working with state agencies to maintain water safety

第二單元：獨木舟教育 Canoe Education Standards

探討 ACA 的教育課程最低標準、基本資格標準 (EEC) 以及必備裝備。

Explore ACA's minimum standards for educational programs, EEC, and essential equipment.

ACA 相信，提升划行安全最好的方式是透過「自願性的教育課程」。為此，ACA 為休閒划行者制定了一套教育課程的最低標準。這些標準旨在提供划行者在平靜、受保護水域開始划行時所需的最低限度資訊。The ACA believes the best way to increase paddling safety is through voluntary education programs. To this end, the ACA has established a set of minimum standards for educational programs for recreational paddlers. These standards are designed to provide the minimum amount of information that a paddler needs to begin paddling in calm, protected waters.

基本資格標準 (Essential Eligibility Criteria)Essential Eligibility Criteria (EEC)

重要性： EEC 是為了確保所有學員的安全而制定的核心標準。教練必須根據這些準則來評估學員是否具備參與特定課程的生理與心理基礎能力。Importance: EECs are core standards established to ensure the safety of all participants. Instructors must use these criteria to evaluate whether a student possesses the physical and mental capabilities required for a specific course.

  • 1. 能在水中閉氣並將頭部保持在水面上（可獨立或在最少輔助下完成）。1. Ability to hold breath underwater and keep head above water independently or with minimal assistance.
  • 2. 能夠在發生翻船時獨立脫離船隻。2. Ability to independently exit the craft in the event of a capsize.
  • 3. 能夠遵守指令並與教練及團隊有效溝通。3. Ability to follow instructions and communicate effectively with the instructor and group.

1. 從基礎出發：必備裝備1. Starting from the Basics: Essential Equipment

船隻與槳The Boat & Paddle

  • 根據划行者與活動需求選擇合適的船隻。Select the appropriate boat for the paddler and activity.
  • 遵守製造商的使用與維護指南。Follow manufacturer’s guidelines for use and maintenance.
  • 嚴禁超載；出發前檢查船體與各項裝備完整性。Never overload; check the hull and hardware integrity before launching.
  • 槳的尺寸應與划行者及活動類型匹配。Paddle size should match the paddler and the activity.

救生衣 (PFD)Personal Flotation Devices (PFDs)

  • 船上每個人都必須備有符合體重標準且合格的 PFD。Everyone on board must have a properly fitted, USCG approved PFD.
  • 划行時應全程穿著並正確調整鬆緊。Wear it! And keep it properly adjusted at all times while on the water.
  • 翻船與落水極其常見，穿著 PFD 能大幅降低受傷或死亡風險。Capsizing and falling overboard are extremely common; wearing a PFD significantly reduces the risk of injury or death.

2. 法律與划行者的責任2. Law & Paddler Responsibility

法律規定因地區而異，教練應提醒學員：Legal requirements vary by jurisdiction; instructors should remind students about:

  • 登記與法規：Registration & Regulations: 了解當地水域的船隻登記要求。動力船或帆船的法規與無動力船隻大不相同。Be aware of vessel registration requirements. Regulations for power or sail vessels differ significantly from human-powered craft.
  • 操作者責任：Operator Responsibility: 划行者須對自己的行為負責。在水面上應保持禮貌並尊重他人。Paddlers are responsible for their actions. Be courteous and respectful of others on the water.
  • 避讓大型船隻：Give Way to Large Vessels: 主動避開大型船隻與航道，大型船隻的機動性受限。Proactively avoid large vessels and shipping channels; larger craft have limited maneuverability.

3. 行程規劃與準備3. Planning and Preparation

規劃是安全的核心。一個完整的「航行計畫 (Float Plan)」應包含：Planning is central to safety. A complete “Float Plan” should include:

  • 技能匹配Skill Match確保技能足以應對目的地。Ensure skills are adequate for the destination.
  • 環境評估Environmental Assessment檢查天氣、水況與局部危害。Check weather, water conditions, and local hazards.
  • 應變計畫Alternative Plans擁有備選路線與應對方案。Have alternative routes.
  • 通報系統Notification System告知他人預計回報時間與逾時處理方案。Tell someone your expected return time and what to do if you are overdue.

準備入水Preparing to Launch

在水邊應確保每個人都有合適裝備，並了解計劃路線。避開航行水道，盡可能靠近岸邊。At the water’s edge, ensure everyone has proper gear and understands the planned route. Avoid shipping channels and stay as close to the shore as possible.

在水上：登船與行動On the Water: Boarding and Movement

  • 登船與下船時應緩慢移動並保持重心平衡，避免翻船。Move slowly and maintain balance during boarding and disembarking to avoid capsizing.
  • 離岸後避免隨意移動位置，若需移動應遵守「一次一人」與「低重心」原則。Avoid unnecessary movement once offshore; follow “one person at a time” and “low center of gravity” principles.
  • 保持小組行動（建議 3 人以上），絕對禁止酒後划行。Maintain group travel (3+ recommended) and strictly prohibit paddling under the influence.

4. ACA 教練能力與證照體系4. ACA Instructor Competency & Certification

教練能力要求Instructor Competency Requirements

安全意識與風險管理Safety & Risk Management

教練必須能識別風險、預測危險並具備卓越的救援技能。必須持有認可機構的 CPR 與急救證書。Instructors must identify risks, anticipate hazards, and possess superior rescue skills. Must hold recognized CPR and First Aid certifications.

技術與教學能力Technical & Teaching Ability

必須能示範流暢且有效的划行技術，並能運用多元教學風格（視覺、聽覺、實踐）來引導學員。Must demonstrate graceful, effective technique and use diverse teaching styles (visual, auditory, kinesthetic) to guide students.

ACA 提供不同等級的課程以滿足不同需求：The ACA provides various course levels to meet different needs:

入門課程Intro Courses

Introduction (1/4/8 hrs)

在受保護的平靜水域練習基礎技巧，強調安全教育。Practice basic skills in protected calm water, emphasizing safety education.

基礎課程Essential Courses

Essentials (1 day)

針對特定領域，讓初學者能在平水或簡單流速水域安全划行。Discipline specific, allowing beginners to paddle safely in flat or slow-moving water.

進階課程Advanced Courses

Basic through Advanced

掌握特定領域的精妙之處，包括在高難度水況下的操控與救援。Help enthusiasts master the nuances of a specific discipline, including maneuvering and safety rescues.

有效項目的要素Elements of Effective Programs

一個成功的划槳運動項目不僅在於教學，還包含完善的遴選與推廣：A successful paddlesport program is about more than just teaching; it involves sound selection and promotion:

  • ● 聘任有經驗且認證的教練Hire experienced, certified instructors
  • ● 建立清晰的訓練目標Establish clear training goals
  • ● 提供多層次的培訓機會Provide multi-level training opportunities
  • ● 積極利用創意方式推廣安全Use creative ways to promote safety

第三單元：環境管理 Environmental Stewardship

探討環境管理的倫理、有效管理教育的特質以及 ACA 在保護水資源方面的角色。

Examine the ethics of environmental stewardship and ACA's role in protecting water resources.

環境守護是 ACA 的三大戰略支柱之一。沒有乾淨的水域與妥善維護的進出點，划行運動將無以為繼。ACA 教練應將環境守護資訊融入所有課程中。Stewardship of the paddling environment is one of the three strategic tenets of the ACA. Without clean water, safe and well-kept access, and low-impact usage behavior, our lakes, rivers, and coastal areas may become unavailable for recreational use by paddlers. ACA instructors are urged to incorporate stewardship information and guidance into all courses and programs as appropriate.

什麼是環境守護 (Stewardship)？What is Environmental Stewardship?

簡言之，這是「基於充分認知的負責任行動」。這是一種道德義務，基於對環境的照顧與守護。有效的環境教育能幫助個體建立與自然資源的「個人連結」。Environmental Stewardship is briefly defined as “informed, responsible action/behavior on behalf of the environment and future generations.” It is a moral obligation to care for the environment and the actions undertaken to provide that care. Effective stewardship education helps individuals establish a “personal connection” with natural resources.

環境責任行為的三個階段Three Levels of Responsible Behavior

入門層次 (Entry)Entry Level

建立對生態的基本認知與環境敏感度。Includes a person’s environmental sensitivity and knowledge about ecology.

認同層次 (Ownership)Ownership Level

將環境問題「個人化」，建立情感連結與投入感。Allows individuals to personalize environmental problems and issues, taking ownership of them.

行動賦權層次 (Empowerment)Empowerment Level

讓學員感到自己有能力透過實際行動來改善並解決環境問題。Gives people a sense that they can make changes and help resolve important environmental issues.

優質環境守護者的特質Qualities of Effective Stewardship

優質的守護者教育不僅是傳遞知識，更在於塑造態度與行為。以下是其核心特質：Effective stewardship education is about more than just knowledge; it’s about shaping attitudes and behaviors. Key qualities include:

  • 理解人類是自然世界的一部分，而非凌駕其上。Understanding humans as part of the natural world, not separate or above it.
  • 具備生態與水資源管理的核心概念。Knowledge of ecological and water resource management concepts.
  • 能識別、分析並調查環境問題的解決方案。Ability to identify, analyze, and investigate solutions to environmental issues.
  • 理解意圖與實際環境影響之間的區別。Understanding the difference between intent and actual environmental impact.

ACA 環境守護計畫ACA Stewardship Programs

ACA 透過以下具體行動，協助槳手在社區層面發揮影響力：The ACA helps paddlers make an impact at the community level through these specific actions:

在地社群網絡Grassroots Networks

激活地方支持，培養各地的環境領導者。Activating grassroots support and leadership networks.

水路清潔Waterway Cleanup

為各地區的水道清理工作提供資源與工具。Providing resources for waterway cleanup efforts.

政策倡議Policy Advocacy

支持並推動影響划行運動的公共政策。Supporting public policies that positively impact paddling.

「環境守護是一個長期的過程。它需要一系列互補的教育努力。」“Stewardship is a long-term process. It requires a series of complementary educational efforts.”

第四單元：教學與學習 Teaching and Learning Styles

深入了解不同學員的學習風格、學習障礙以及有效的教學策略。

In-depth look at different student learning styles, barriers, and effective teaching strategies.

1. 學習的本質1. The Nature of Learning

學習是獲得技能（身體能力）與知識（事實與想法）的過程。在划槳運動中，這涉及兩大核心能力：Learning is the process of gaining skills (physical ability) and knowledge (facts and ideas). In paddling, this involves two core abilities:

運動能力 (Motor Skills)Motor Skills

涉及導致可測量的物理動作（例如：船尾側撥轉向）。Involves physical movements that result in measurable action (e.g., stern draw for a turn).

認知能力 (Cognitive Skills)Cognitive Skills

理解「如何」與「為何」使用特定技術來實現目標（決策過程）。Understanding how and why to use specific techniques to achieve an objective (decision making).

2. 影響學習的因素2. Factors Affecting Learning

身體特徵Physical Characteristics

體型、力量與柔韌性會影響表現。教練應調整課程以配合學員的個體極限。Size, strength, and flexibility impact performance. Adjust programs to individual limits.

動機Motivation

學員是為了樂趣、社交還是技能提升？了解動機有助於設計適合的活動。Are they here for fun, social, or skill? Understanding motivation helps tailor activities.

環境因素Environment

寒冷或惡劣天氣會分散注意力。教練應確保學員的生理舒適（溫暖、飽足、安全感）。Cold or poor weather distracts. Ensure physiological comfort (warmth, food, safety).

3. 學習的障礙3. Barriers to Learning

教練必須識別並排除學員在學習過程中的心理障礙：Instructors must recognize and mitigate psychological barriers to learning:

恐懼Fear
學員通常比看起來更害怕。恐懼會阻礙新技能的獲取，因為大腦會優先處理「生存」而非「學習」。Students are often more afraid than they appear. Fear blocks the acquisition of new skills as the brain prioritizes survival over learning.
初始效應 / 時近效應Primacy / Recency
學員最容易記住演示的最開始與最後一部分。因此「整體-局部-整體」教學法非常有效。Students remember the beginning and end of a demonstration best. This is why the “Whole-Part-Whole” method is effective.
舊習干擾Negative Transfer
舊習慣難以打破。成人學員帶著舊有的動作模式來到課堂，教練需保持耐心。Old habits are hard to break. Adult learners bring existing motor patterns; instructors must be patient.
自尊Ego
當表現受到挑戰時，自衛反應會阻礙學習。避免在團體面前過度施壓。Defensive reactions when performance is challenged can block learning. Avoid over-pressuring students in front of the group.

4. 四大學習風格4. Four Learning Styles

每個人吸收資訊的方式不同，優秀的教練會同時運用視覺、聽覺與觸覺。以下是四種典型學習者：Everyone processes information differently. Good instructors use visual, auditory, and kinesthetic modes. Here are four typical learners:

視覺型Watchers

需要先在腦中建立技能的「心像」。他們需要時間觀察，聽覺說明只是輔助。演示對他們至關重要。Need to build a mental image of the skill. They need time to observe; verbal explanations are secondary. Demonstrations are critical.

體感型Feelers

依賴本體感覺與類比。比起口頭描述，他們更能從實際感受動作中獲益。適合使用生動的比喻。Rely on proprioception and analogies. They benefit more from feeling the movement than hearing descriptions. Use vivid metaphors.

邏輯型Thinkers

分析型學習者，需要詳細的技術細節與背後的科學原理。他們可能會讀書、看影片，並挑戰教練的知識深度。Analytical learners who need technical details and the science behind the skills. They may read, watch videos, and challenge the instructor’s depth of knowledge.

實踐型Doers

直接讓他們拿到槳就對了！冗長的解釋會讓他們分心。他們喜歡「先做再說」，且通常是最先自願嘗試的人。Just give them a paddle! Long explanations distract them. They prefer “doing it first” and are often the first to volunteer.

5. 兒童 vs. 成人教學5. Teaching Children vs. Adults

特性Characteristic兒童 (Children)Children成人 (Adults)Adults
資訊接受度Information Acceptance直接接受所呈現的內容。Accept presented material at face value.根據自身經驗與信念進行評估。Evaluate based on own experiences and beliefs.
核心動力Core Motivation好玩、快速、實作。Fun, fast-paced, hands-on.追求立即的實用性。Seek immediate relevance and utility.
同儕互動Peer Interaction還在學習如何學習。Still learning how to learn.本身就是豐富的資源。Are rich resources themselves.

6. 核心教學法6. Core Teaching Methodologies

20-40-60-80 法則The 20-40-60-80 Rule

這是一個關於「記憶留存率」的經驗法則，強調了「主動學習」的重要性：A rule of thumb for memory retention, emphasizing active learning:

  • 聽到的 Heard 20%
  • 看到的 Seen 40%
  • 做到的 Done 60%
  • 自己發現的 Discovered 80%

KISS 原則KISS Principle

”Keep It Simple and Safe”

保持簡單與安全： 教練應提供與技能直接相關的必要細節即可。過多的技術細節會讓學員感到困惑與負荷過重。Instructors should provide only the necessary details directly related to the skill. Too much information can overwhelm and confuse students.

成功的教學在於「將重點放在最重要的事情上」。Focus on what’s most important to ensure success.

7. 教練的專業精神與素養7. Professionalism & Interpersonal Skills

「所有的認證教練都代表著 ACA 的形象。教練的知識、專業氣度、道德標準和背景會直接影響課程與組織的可信度。」“All certified instructors represent the image of the ACA. An instructor’s knowledge, demeanor, ethical standards, and background all impact the credibility of the program and organization.”

教練能力評價要點Core Evaluation Points

  • 01完全理解教學材料並能有效實施教學。Full understanding and implementation of materials.
  • 02嚴格遵守課程規劃，不隨意偏離。Strict adherence to the course plan.
  • 03能有效解決現場問題並保持清晰溝通。Effective problem solving and clear communication.
  • 04展現守時與專業的職業素養。Demonstrate punctuality and professionalism.

卓越的人際交往技能Interpersonal Excellence

正向反饋Positive Feedback以準確且具鼓勵性的方式提供反饋，激發學員自信。
包容與尊重Inclusion & Respect建立積極的學習環境，包容不同意見並尊重每位個體。
開放與創新Open-Mindedness避免教條主義，以開放的心態鼓勵創新與學習。

8. M+D3 教學模型8. The M+D3 Teaching Paradigm

標準教學流程架構M+D3 Paradigm Structure

M動機Motivation

建立學習興趣與目標Explain importance

D1示範Demonstrate

準確且流暢的動作演示Show correct skill

D2描述Describe

口頭解析關鍵技術細節Explain key points

D3技術演練Do It

學員立即演練與反饋Practice & feedback

流程引導：
Motivation Demonstration Description Practical Drills

9. 優秀教練的十大核心特質9. Ten Essential Qualities of a Great Instructor

訓練有素的教練能比「嘗試錯誤法」更快地引導學員體驗划槳的樂趣。ACA 教練應致力於培養以下特質：Well-trained instructors lead students to the joy of paddling much faster than trial-and-error methods. ACA instructors should strive for these qualities:

熱誠Enthusiasm

對划槳運動的熱愛能激發學員的興趣。這是教學中最具感染力的特質。A genuine love for paddling inspires students. This is the most contagious quality in teaching.

能力與知識Competency

擁有高超的技術與教學理論。教練應持續教育，與行業趨勢同步。High technical skill and pedagogical knowledge. Instructors must pursue continuing education.

組織力Organization

負責器材、後勤與教學計畫，確保課程在安全且有意義的進度下運行。Responsible for equipment, logistics, and planning to ensure meaningful, safe progress.

精準示範Demonstration Skill

具備比學員更高水平的示範能力，能將流暢動作分解為易學的組件。Ability to model skills at a higher level than students, breaking down complex moves.

成功導向Success Oriented

設定具挑戰性但「可實現」的目標。學員崇拜能引導他們獲得成就感的教練。Set challenging but achievable goals. Students admire instructors who lead them to success.

趣味性Fun

將遊戲融入教學。學員希望獲得樂趣，遊戲是獎勵努力的最佳方式。Incorporate games into teaching. Fun is a reward and an effective learning tool.

領導才能Leadership

保持學員專注，嚴格遵守時間並堅持課程計畫，展現可靠的權威。Keep students focused, be punctual, and adhere to the course plan.

積極態度Positive Attitude

肯定學員的努力而非瑣碎稱讚。批評應具建設性、敏感度與尊重。Affirm effort over trivial praise. Critiques must be constructive and respectful.

預估需求Anticipate Needs

預先考量環境、生理與心理壓力。在學員意識到之前就做好應對。Pre-plan for environmental and psychological stresses before students notice them.

正確判斷Judgement

深思熟慮且負責任地執行計畫，冷靜處理突發的複雜水上情況。Thoughtful execution of plans and calm handling of complex on-water situations.

第五單元：課程組織 Organizing and Conducting a Class

從行政程序、裝備管理到現場教學進度規劃，建立專業教練的課程管理思維。

From administrative procedures to progression planning, establish a professional instructor management mindset.

1. 教練職責與行政義務Instructor Duties & Administration

認證教練不僅是技術指導者，也是 ACA 的行政代表。確保認證有效與課程合法性是您的首要任務。As an ACA Instructor, you are an administrative representative. Maintaining certification and course legality is your top priority.

認證維護Maintenance
  • • 每年維持 ACA 會員與 SEIC 註冊Maintain annual ACA membership and SEIC registration
  • • 每四年需完成一次更新要求Complete update requirements every four years
  • • 若未註冊 SEIC，認證將視同無效Certification is invalid without SEIC registration
行政回報Reporting
  • • 課程必須依照最新大綱註冊Courses must follow current curriculum outlines
  • • 預先註冊Pre-registration 方可適用責任保險is required for liability insurance coverage
  • • 課後必須及時向 ACA 辦公室提交記錄Submit records to ACA office promptly after class

保險與責任Insurance & Liability

ACA 提供責任保險以保障教練。請務必在網站 (www.americancanoe.org) 確認最新的保險表格與註冊程序。未預先註冊的課程將無法獲得保險保障。ACA provides liability insurance to protect instructors. Always confirm current insurance forms and procedures at americancanoe.org. Courses not pre-registered will not have insurance coverage.

2. 規劃中的隱形成本：時間管理Hidden Costs: Time Management

移動與後勤時間Movement & Logistics

課程大綱通常只計算純教學時間。教練在規劃時必須額外算入：Standard syllabi usually only account for direct instructional time. Instructors must also factor in:• 學員與裝備的移動Class movement and gear hauling• 下水與上岸過程Launching and landing procedures• 必要的休息、午餐與水分補充Necessary breaks, lunch, and hydration

專業提醒Pro-Tip

「將學員從一個地點引導至另一個地點所需的時間，往往會顯著增加課程總時長。忽視這些隱形成本會導致教案延誤或跳過關鍵安全環節。」“The time required to guide students from one point to another often adds significantly to the course duration. Ignoring these costs can lead to delays or the skipping of critical safety segments.”

3. 教練裝備清單Instructor Kit

  • 核心器材：船體、槳、救生衣 (PFD)Core Gear: Boat, Paddle, and PFD
  • 急救箱與緊急修補工具First Aid & Emergency Repair Kit
  • 拋繩袋、吊索與滑輪救援系統Throw Bag, Slings & Pulley Systems
  • 通訊設備 (VHF、手機、緊急示位標)Comm Devices (VHF, Phone, PLB/EPIRB)
  • 額外的保暖/乾燥衣物與充足飲水Extra Dry Clothing & Plenty of Water
  • 符合當地法令之法定安全器材Required Legal Safety Equipment

4. 師生比例與輔助Ratios & Support

最低比率標準可在 ACA 官網查閱。善用「有能力的助手 (Able Assistant)」來維持安全標準。Minimum ratio standards are available on the ACA website. Utilize “Able Assistants” to maintain safety standards.

無障礙教學Accessibility

若參與者有身體挑戰或殘疾，強烈建議提供額外的教學輔助。對個體的專注度越高，學員的進步與安全性就越有保障。If participants have physical challenges or disabilities, additional instructional support is highly recommended. Higher individual focus ensures better progress and safety.

5. 教學進度與環境管理Progression & Environment

平水環境Flat Water Benefits

優點在於無危險、低干擾。讓學員能專注於精煉動作細節與執行策略，而不被強大的水流或風浪分散注意力。適合介紹新技能。Minimal hazards and distractions. Allows students to focus on refining technical details and strategies without the stress of current or wind. Ideal for introducing new skills.

動態水域Dynamic Water Challenges

提供執行「決斷」與掌握「時機」的機會。當學員具備基礎技能後，應逐漸增加水域難度，以建立在真實環境中的應變能力。Provides opportunities for decision-making and timing. Once basic skills are mastered, the environment should progressively increase in difficulty to build real-world adaptability.

6. 迎新介紹：開課標準程序Orientation Standard Procedure

課程簡介Course Intro

向學員解釋課程目標、安排與組織方式，讓學員知道「接下來會發生什麼」。Explain goals, schedules, and organization so students know “what’s coming next.”

責任與器材Ego & Equipment

確認學員了解如何挑選適合自己的器材，並強調維護裝備良好狀態的責任。Ensure students know how to select proper gear and emphasize their responsibility for maintaining its condition.

安全簡報Safety Briefing

概述潛在危險，協助學員進行個人風險評估。強調教練無法保證 100% 安全，需共同配合。Outline hazards and assist in personal risk assessment. Clarify that 100% safety cannot be guaranteed; cooperation is key.

7. 教學現場操作技巧On-Site Teaching Techniques

背對太陽原則Back-to-Sun

安排學員背對太陽站立，確保他們能清晰觀察示範而不會因刺眼而分心。Arrange students with their backs to the sun so they can see demonstrations clearly without being blinded by glare.

眼神與互動Eyes & Engagement

保持眼神接觸以確保參與度，並即時察覺學員的恐懼或困惑。避免在喧鬧的水流聲中大喊。Maintain eye contact to ensure engagement and spot fear or confusion. Avoid shouting over loud moving water.

「教學在學員到達之前就已經開始了。良好的管理是通往成功教學的唯一道路。」“Instruction begins before the students arrive. Sound management is the only path to successful teaching.”

第六單元：責任與風險 Liability & Risk Management

深入了解法律責任 (Liability)、注意義務 (Duty of Care)、風險管理要素以及急救程序。

In-depth look at Duty of Care, risk management elements, and emergency procedures.

注意義務 (Duty of Care)Duty of Care

教練負有法律責任，必須確保學員免於受傷。這包括監控「可預見的危害」（例如天氣突變）。教練不需要對無法預見的罕見意外負責，但必須對常見的水域危險做好充分準備。As an instructor, you have a duty to your students to act as a reasonable and prudent instructor would. This extends to all foreseeable risks. While not responsible for unforeseeable events, you must plan for common hazards.

風險管理的七大要素Seven Elements of Risk Management

  • 1. 適當監督：Adequate Supervision:確保隨時有人看顧學員，維持視線與通訊。Maintain visual and auditory contact with students.
  • 2. 完善計畫：Sound Planning:更新教案以符合當前「最佳實務」。Maintain current competencies and update lesson plans.
  • 3. 風險警告：Warning of Risks:告知學員運動固有的風險（如溺水）。Explain inherent risks so participants can knowingly assume them.
  • 4. 安全環境：Safe Environment:檢查場地、氣候與裝備狀態。Inspect facilities, water areas, and equipment.
  • 5. 能力評估：Evaluate Abilities:確認學員的體能與技術足以參加該課程。Evaluate readiness to perform both physically and mentally.
  • 6. 急救程序：Emergency Procedures:受過 CPR/急救訓練並備有應急方案。Have established emergency response protocols.
  • 7. 紀錄保存：Documentation:妥善保存免責聲明、醫療表格與意外報告，作為教學紀錄與法律保障。Maintain records of planning, implementation, and emergency responses.

風險管理的核心：預防與救援Core of Risk Management: Prevention & Rescue

風險管理不只是知道如何營救，更是從事故發生前就開始預防。然而，划槳運動具有固有危險性，預防並不總能成功。Risk management is more than knowing how to rescue; it begins with prevention. However, paddling has inherent dangers, and prevention is not always successful.

卓越的救援技能Superior Rescue Skills

教練必須具備超強的救援技能，並能在事故發生時冷靜且果斷地為學員提供協助。Instructors must have exceptional rescue skills to provide decisive assistance during an incident.

認證要求Certification Requirements

所有教練必須在認證期間，持有國家認可機構（如紅十字會）發放的急救與 CPR 證書。All instructors must hold current first aid and CPR certifications from recognized agencies.

事故通報與紀錄保存Incident Reporting & Documentation

在法律訴訟中，記錄即事實。良好的紀錄保存是保護教練與組織的最佳方式。In legal proceedings, documentation is fact. Good record-keeping is the best way to protect both the instructor and the organization.

事故/意外通報 (Incident Reports)Incident Reports

若發生任何涉及受傷或財產損失的事件，應立即填寫事故通報並提交至 ACA 辦公室。Complete and submit reports to ACA immediately for any incident involving injury or property damage.

免責聲明 (Waivers)Waivers

確保每位參與者在課程開始前簽署免責聲明。教練應妥善保存這些文件。Ensure every participant signs a waiver before the course begins. Maintain these records safely.

第七單元：划行概念 Concepts of Paddling

探討槳葉原理 (C-P-R)、身體與船體概念以及基礎技巧與操控動作的區別。

Explore blade principles (C-P-R), body and boat concepts, and the difference between skills and maneuvers.

1. 槳葉原理：C-P-R 週期1. Blade Concepts: C-P-R Cycle

有效的槳法可以分解為三個階段：Effective strokes can be broken down into three phases:

Catch - 抓水Catch

槳葉垂直插入水中的瞬間，像把槳「埋進混凝土」一樣固定。The catch is when the paddle is planted or thrust into the water.

Power - 動力Power

移動船體，而不是移動槳葉。想像船隻在槳葉旁滑過。The power phase is when the boat is moved relative to the anchored paddle.

Recovery - 復位Recovery

將槳葉帶回水面，準備下一次的入水。The recovery moves the paddle back into position for another catch.

2. 身體與船體 (Body & Boat)2. Body & Boat Concepts

  • 划行者框架 (Paddler’s Box)：Paddler’s Box:雙手應始終保持在肩膀前方的空間內，以保護脆弱的肩關節。Keep both arms within the “Paddler’s Box” at all times to protect the shoulder joint.
  • 軀幹旋轉 (Torso Rotation)：Torso Rotation:利用大肌群的力量，減少手臂疲勞。Rotate the torso to utilize large muscle groups and increase power.
  • 船體靜穩 (Quiet Boat)：Quiet Boat:減少側傾、俯仰或偏移，以降低水中阻力，提高效率。Keep the hull “quiet” in the water to reduce frictional resistance or drag.

3. 基礎技巧 vs. 操控動作3. Fundamental Skills vs. Maneuvers

教學核心原則 Core Pedagogical Principle

學員必須先學習如何有效地划行，初期的重點應放在「基礎技巧」而非「操控動作」。透過重複練習基礎技巧，能大大增加掌握操控動作的成功機會。若省略此過程，學員的操控表現往往不盡理想。Initial emphasis must be on fundamental skills rather than maneuvers. Practicing basic skills first leads to an increased chance of success in mastering maneuvers. If the process is abbreviated, maneuvers may be poorly executed.

基礎技巧 (Fundamental Skills)Fundamental Skills

  • 平衡 (Balance)：居中且相對挺直的身體重心Balance: Centered, upright body
  • 船體側傾 (Boat Lean)：透過體重轉移控制船體Boat Lean: Weight transfer control
  • 身體機制 (Body Mechanics)：有效利用上下半身Body Mechanics: Efficient use of torso
  • 基礎槳法 (Paddling Strokes)：動力、轉向與支撐Paddling Strokes: Power, turning, bracing
  • 協調性與流暢度 (Coordination & Fluidity)Coordination & Fluidity

操控動作 (Maneuvers)Maneuvers

  • 直線划行 (Straight Line)：前進與後退Straight Line Paddling: Forward/Reverse
  • 迴流區進出 (Eddy Turns)Eddy Turns
  • 橫渡 (Ferries)Ferries
  • 旋轉與轉向 (Spins & Turns)：90/180 度轉向Spins & Turns: 90/180-degree turns
  • 側移與衝浪 (Sideslips & Surfing)Sideslips & Surfing

4. 身體、船體、槳葉：三位一體4. Body, Boat, Blade: The Relationship

划行技術的精髓在於這三者之間的動態協作。教練應引導學員理解：The essence of paddling technique lies in the dynamic collaboration of these three elements. Instructors should guide students to understand:

身體 (Body)Body

動力來源。透過軀幹旋轉將力量傳遞至槳葉。The power source. Transfers energy via torso rotation.

船體 (Boat)Boat

反應媒介。身體與槳葉的互動最終體現在船體的位移。The medium. The interaction is reflected in hull displacement.

槳葉 (Blade)Blade

槓桿支點。與水接觸並提供推力或阻力。The fulcrum. Contacts water to provide thrust or resistance.

教練示範標準Instructor Demonstration Standards

作為教練，您的動作必須是流暢且精準的。學員會模仿您的每一個細節：As an instructor, your movements must be graceful, fluid, and precise. Students will mimic every detail:

  • ● 展現從入水、動力到復位的完整週期。Show the full C-P-R cycle clearly.
  • ● 強調「划行者框架」的安全性。Emphasize the safety of the Paddler’s Box.
  • ● 演示如何利用環境（如水流）來輔助操控。Demo using the environment to aid maneuvers.

※ 基礎技巧的熟練度直接決定了操控動作的成功率。※ Mastery of fundamental skills directly determines the success of maneuvers.

第八單元：體能調整 Conditioning

探討划行運動的熱量消耗以及體能的四大要素。

Explore the calorie consumption of paddling and the four components of conditioning.

划行是一項高熱量消耗的運動（激烈時每小時可燃燒 600 卡）。良好的體能能顯著提升運動樂趣並降低受傷風險。Paddling can be a demanding activity; recreational paddlers can burn an estimated 600 calories an hour. Conditioning will make the experience more rewarding and safer.

體能四大要素Four Components of Conditioning

力量Strength爆發力與速度Power & Speed
耐力Endurance持續運動能力Repeated Motion
柔軟度Flexibility關節活動度Range of Motion
心肺功能Cardio氧氣輸送效率Oxygen Delivery

為什麼需要體能調整？Why Condition?

體能調整不僅是為了競技，對於休閒划行者同樣重要。它能帶來以下好處：Conditioning is not just for competitive athletes; it is equally important for recreational paddlers. It offers several key benefits:

減少受傷Injury Prevention

強化肩部、背部與核心肌群，能有效分散划槳時產生的壓力，避免慢性勞損。Stronger shoulders, back, and core help distribute paddling stresses and prevent strain.

提升表現Performance Enhancement

更好的心肺功能與耐力能讓您划得更遠、更久，並在強風或逆流中保持穩定。Better cardio and endurance allow you to paddle further and maintain stability in wind or current.

能量消耗與熱量Energy Expenditure & Calories

划行是一項高效的全身運動。研究顯示，激烈划行每小時可消耗高達 600 卡路里。教練應提醒學員：Paddling is an efficient full-body workout. Intense paddling can burn up to 600 calories an hour. Instructors should remind students:

  • ● 保持適當的能量補充（零食與餐點）。Maintain proper energy intake (snacks and meals).
  • ● 預防脫水，隨時補充水分。Stay hydrated; supplement fluids regularly.
  • ● 注意低體溫症風險，熱量消耗會加速體溫流失。Be aware of hypothermia; calorie burn can accelerate heat loss.

划行伸展運動Stretching for Paddling

伸展運動能提升軀幹旋轉的靈活性，進而增強動力行程與轉向行程。建議在運動前溫和伸展以喚醒肌肉，運動後伸展則有助於緩解痠痛。Stretching directly affects a paddler’s ability to rotate the torso for strong power and turning strokes. Warm up before stretching, and stretch after activity to avoid cramping.

三頭肌伸展Triceps Stretch

一臂舉過頭頂彎曲，另一手抓住肘部向後輕拉，手指沿脊椎下滑。Raise arm above head, bend at elbow. Use other hand to grab elbow and pull down.

肩部跨體伸展Shoulder Stretch

一臂橫跨胸前，另一手扶住肘部上方並向胸部方向擠壓，伸展肩胛。Cross arm over chest. Use other hand to squeeze arm into your chest above the elbow.

胸大肌伸展Pectoral Stretch

手臂平舉壓住牆面，緩慢將身體轉向支撐物相反方向，打開胸腔。Press palm against support, turn body outward away from the support to open chest.

側弓步伸展Side Lunge

雙腳跨開，向一側跨步下壓，感受另一側伸直腿的大腿內側伸展。Lunge to one side, keeping the opposite leg straight to feel the inner thigh stretch.

股四頭肌伸展Quad Stretch

單腳站立，手抓腳踝使腳跟碰觸臀部，膝蓋朝下，伸展大腿前側。Stand on one leg, hold ankle to bring heel to butt. Point knee straight down.

前彎伸展Forward Fold

雙腳站寬，由腰部向前彎曲抓腳踝，將胸部壓向膝蓋。Bend forward at the waist. Grab ankles and gently pull torso in to your legs.

「最理想的划行訓練就是持續且有規律地去划船。」“The most specific conditioning for paddling is to paddle.”

第九單元：水域安全 Safety on the Water

探討救生衣的重要性、冷水休克以及 120 法則。

Explore the importance of PFDs, cold water shock, and the 120 rule.

1. PFD (救生衣)：救命關鍵1. PFD: The Key to Survival

每年有數千人因溺水死亡，許多是發生在沒穿 PFD 的情況下。船體的簡單設計常讓人誤以為它「天生安全」，但其實划行者落水的機率遠高於其他船種。Thousands drown annually, many without a PFD. Small craft require special attention to balance; a responsible paddler should always assume they are likely to get wet.

2. 冷水與 120 法則2. Cold Water and the 120 Rule

什麼是「120 法則」？What is the “120 Rule”?

當「空氣溫度」＋「水溫」＜ 120°F (約 49°C) 時，必須穿著防寒衣 (Wetsuit) 或乾衣 (Drysuit)。When the Air Temperature + Water Temperature < 120°F, protective gear (wetsuit or drysuit) is mandatory.

冷水休克 (Cold Water Shock)：Cold Water Shock:

浸泡在 10-15°C 的水中會引發吸氣反射（喘氣）、血壓飆升甚至心跳驟停。沒有 PFD 的情況下，這通常是致命的。Immersion in 50-60°F water can cause gasp reflex, spike in blood pressure, or cardiac arrest. This is often fatal without a PFD.

酒精、藥物與划行 Alcohol, Drugs & Paddling

在酒精或藥物影響下划行是極其危險且違法的。酒精會削弱平衡感、協調性與判斷力，並加速失溫現象的發生。教練應對此採取零容忍態度。Operating a vessel under the influence is dangerous and illegal. Alcohol impairs balance, coordination, and judgment, while accelerating hypothermia. Instructors should have zero tolerance.

環境中的隱藏危險 Environmental Hazards

  • ● 風與浪：即使是溫和的風也能讓船隻偏航或翻覆。Wind & Waves: Even mild wind can blow a craft off course or cause capsize.
  • ● 流水與急流：水流產生的壓力極大，應避免被推向障礙物。Current & Moving Water: The pressure of moving water is immense; avoid being pinned against obstacles.
  • ● 人造設施：攔河堰、橋墩與碼頭設施可能產生致命的渦流或吸力。Man-made Objects: Dams, bridge pilings, and docks can create deadly eddies or suction.

3. 基本航行規則 (Rules of the Road)3. Standard Rules of the Road

雖然划行者通常不需要執照，但仍須遵守基本的國際與地方航行守則：While paddlers may not need a license, they must follow basic international and local navigation rules:

避讓大型船隻Yield to Large Vessels

動力船或大型貨輪在航道內的轉向與煞停能力極其有限。划行者應始終主動避開。Power vessels and large ships have limited maneuverability in channels; paddlers must always give way.

靠右行駛Keep to the Right

在狹窄航道或對向遇船時，應保持在航道的右側通行。In narrow channels or when meeting head-on, keep to the right side of the channel.

保持醒目Be Visible

使用鮮豔的船隻與服裝。若在黎明、黃昏或夜間划行，必須配備符合法規的白光燈具（提高辨識度）。Use bright colors. At dawn, dusk, or night, a white light is legally required.

避免航道停留Avoid Channels

除非必須橫渡，否則應盡量靠近岸邊，不要在交通頻繁的航道中停留或釣魚。Stay close to shore and avoid lingering or fishing in high-traffic commercial channels.

安全建議：隨身攜帶哨子或其他聲響設備。這是法律要求，也是在緊急情況下引起注意的最有效方式。Safety Tip: Carry a whistle or sound signaling device. It’s a legal requirement and essential for signaling in an emergency.

結語 Conclusion

總結 ACA 教練認證的價值與持續學習的重要性。

Summarize the value of ACA certification and the importance of continuous learning.

本手冊是 ACA 教學模型、技術、責任與支持的權威資源。教練會發現此資源在整個教學職涯中都極具價值。This manual serves as the definitive resource for information on ACA teaching models, techniques, responsibilities, and support. The instructor will find this resource to be valuable for the duration of his or her teaching career.

然而，單靠這本書無法保證您能成為一名安全、有效的教練。這需要付出巨大努力、積累經驗、與資深教練合作、參與持續教育等。本手冊為新教練提供了工具，幫助他們踏上提供安全有效教學的道路。What this book cannot do is guarantee you will become a safe, effective instructor. That takes great effort, experience, working with more experienced instructors, taking part in continuing education, and more. This manual gives the new instructor tools for getting started on the path toward the goal of providing safe, effective instruction.

本書是所有 ACA 教練認證課程的必修教材，也是教練培訓過程中的關鍵部分。深入理解本書內容對於成為合格的 ACA 教練至關重要。This book is a required text for all ACA Instructor Certifications Programs, and is a vital part of the Instructor Development process. A thorough understanding of the material contained in this book is essential when attempting to become a certified ACA instructor.

認證不應是教練候選人的終點。相反，ACA 教練必須追求上述的安全與成效。這是一個永無止境且收穫頗豐的探索過程。本手冊是所有教練學習的基礎。只有保持學生對知識與技巧的渴望，教練才能發揮其最大潛力。Certification should not be the end goal for the instructor candidate. Instead, ACA instructors must strive for the aforementioned safety and effectiveness. This is a never-ending quest and a particularly rewarding one. This manual is a foundation for learning by all instructors. It is only by maintaining the student’s thirst for more knowledge and greater skills that the instructor will reach his or her full potential.

歡迎加入充滿活力且成就感十足的划槳運動教學領域。Welcome to the exciting, rewarding field of paddlesport instruction.

注意安全！享受樂趣！Be Safe! Have Fun!

參考文獻 Bibliography

ACA 教練手冊所引用的學術資源與參考書籍。

Academic resources and reference books cited in the ACA Instructor Manual.

  • American Canoe Association. (2008). Canoeing. Human Kinetics.
  • American Canoe Association. (2009). Kayaking. Human Kinetics.
  • American Canoe Association. (1996). Introduction to Paddling. Birmingham: Menasha Ridge Press.
  • American Canoe Association. (2004). Essentials of River Kayaking. Birmingham: Menasha Ridge Press.
  • American Canoe Association. (2005). Essentials of Kayak Touring. Birmingham: Menasha Ridge Press.
  • American Whitewater. (1998). Safety Code of American Whitewater [Brochure]. Margaretville: American Whitewater.
  • Gullion, L. (1987). Canoeing and Kayaking Instruction Manual. Birmingham: Menasha Ridge Press.
  • Human Resource Development Press, Inc. (1988). Train-The-Trainer: Practical Skills That Work. Amherst: Human Resource Development Press, Inc.
  • Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Watercraft. (2000). Ohio Boating Education Course. Unpublished Manuscript.
  • Recreational Boating & Fishing Foundation. (2003). Best Practices Workbook for Boating, Fishing, and Aquatic Resources Stewardship Education. Unpublished Manuscript.
  • Snow-Jones, A., Black, G., Dillon, P. S., & Jenkins, D. (2004). Critical Judgment II: Understanding and Preventing Canoe and Kayak Fatalities 1996-2002 [Brochure]. Springfield, VA: American Canoe Association, Inc.
  • The American National Red Cross. (1995). American Red Cross Lifeguarding Instructor’s Manual. St. Louis: Mosby Lifeline.
  • Webre, A. W., & Zeller, J. A. (1990). Canoeing and Kayaking for Persons with Physical Disabilities. Newington: American Canoe Association, Inc.
  • Whitley, K. (n.d.). ACA Instruction Manual. Unpublished Manuscript.

附錄 A：回報與認證 Appendix A: Reporting and Maintenance

了解如何回報課程以及維持 ACA 教練認證的有效性。

Learn how to report courses and maintain the validity of your ACA instructor certification.

為了滿足教練 (Instructor)、教練培訓師 (IT) 或教練培訓教育師 (ITE) 的維護要求，必須回報最低數量的課程。To satisfy maintenance requirements for Instructors, ITs, or ITEs, a minimum number of courses must be reported.

教練認證維護要求Instructor Certification Maintenance

在 4 年認證期結束前，必須滿足以下最低維護要求：The following requirements must be met within each 4-year certification period:

  • 1維持年度 ACA 會員資格與 SEIC 註冊。Maintain annual ACA membership and SEIC registration.
  • 2每四年教授並回報至少兩門課程。Teach and report at least two courses every four years.
  • 3完成一次教練更新 (Instructor Update)。Successfully complete an Instructor Update.

【版權與使用聲明 / Copyright & Usage Notice】

本翻譯手冊僅供 ACA 教練候選人個人學習、學術研究以及熟悉划槳運動中英文專業術語對照之用途，不具任何商業營利目的。 This translated manual is intended solely for personal study, academic research, and the familiarization of bilingual technical terminology for ACA instructor candidates. It is not for commercial use.

本手冊原始內容之版權均歸美國獨木舟協會 (American Canoe Association, ACA) 所有。我們強烈建議所有教練透過 ACA 官方管道購買正版教練手冊，以獲得最權威與完整的資訊，並支持協會之發展。 All original content copyrights belong to the American Canoe Association (ACA). We strongly encourage all instructors to purchase the official manual through ACA channels for the most authoritative information and to support the association.

© 2020 American Canoe Association (ACA)

繁體中文版翻修：王汪汪 Wang Wanwan